Introduction to Credit Management

The income statement shows the revenues, expenses and income of a company for a certain period of time.  Important positions from the income statement are used to compute the profitability ratios and most importantly EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) as a measure of cash flows from operations. It is important to assess whether net income has been determined based on conservative accounting policies or on liberal accounting policies which might not reflect economic reality and hence result in lower quality of earnings. High nonrecurring income as well as nonrecurring costs will bias the trend in earnings. An overstatement of revenues will distort profits. Revenue recognition practices vary across industries.

How does all this make you feel? Even if you have large profits in your stock account, has it been worth it? Few investors have the emotional makeup to be happy in a long-term relationship with stocks.

A happy stock investor can process emotions quickly and act appropriately. He is not numb or emotionless in his investing. He sees losses in his portfolio, feels the pain, and the pain motivates him to do his research. He does not blindly hope to get out when he breaks even. He is realistic about conflicts of interest with employees and brokers. He takes action or determines not to act based on research, not stock prices. Numb investors avoidthe pain of losses until they crack under stress. They are the ones who panic at the final bottom.

The happy mutual fund investor is aware of fund fees, turnover, taxes, trading costs, and sales pressure. After fully researching funds, she accepts reasonable costs as a tradeoff to allow her to focus on other areas of her life. She never buys a fund based on sales pressure or loyalty to the fund family. Rather, she owns funds on their merits. She feels her losses and her gains, and then makes buy and sell decisions based on fund fundamentals and not on fund prices.

The happy investor has many emotional ups and downs, but makes few trades. He recognizes that stock investing is a long-term commitment. He can sit for years on his stocks and funds and not make a single trade even though prices double and get cut in half. Meanwhile, he enjoys research and information gathering. The unhappy stock investor experiences these same ups and downs as trauma.

In the United States, financial institutions have succeeded in imposing stocks into the culture as the primary investment for the long-term. Legislatures have gone along to coddle voters. IRAs, 40l(k)s, and other tax-favored schemes can only be funded with stocks, bonds, and mutual funds; real estate, gold, and most other asset classes are not allowed. In the 1990s, the number of stock investors and the trading on stock exchanges tripled. There are many dark sides to this besides the fact that there is no conclusive proof that stocks will be the best investment in the future. Equity culture breeds stock jealousy, envy, and regret, which in turn create social tension and recessions. The recent tech boom and bust is one example.

During the tech bubble, many stock investors were jealous of the young entrepreneurs who, through IPOs, became instant millionaires. Many investors envied the employees who received stock options, rather than having to buy stock on the open market. Other investors regretted that they failed to buy the IPOs that doubled, tripled, and quadrupled. In a small asset class, with few investors, another’s success becomes an inspiration rather than a regret. In stocks, these emotions churned up a fever to get in on the action. Businesses that serviced the new economy were so envious that they began to accept stock as payment for services rather than cash.

Hardworking employees quit their jobs and became day traders. Companies paying good salaries added stock options to their compensation packages to retain envious employees. Insatiable investors agreed to pay exorbitant commissions and make unnecessary trades in exchange for a few IPO shares.